Insecurity and family planning: How safety concerns influence reproductive choices
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60787/mjrdp.vol15no2.180Keywords:
Conflict, contraception, family planning, insecurity, reproductive choicesAbstract
Insecurity has profound impacts on family planning and reproductive choices, particularly in regions affected by violence, crime, and conflict. This study explores the relationship between security concerns and reproductive behaviors, examining how individuals and families adapt their family planning decisions in response to perceived threats to safety. In insecure environments, the desire to have fewer children may stem from concerns over providing for and protecting a larger family, as well as the instability in accessing healthcare services, including contraception. Alternatively, in some cases, insecurity may lead to larger family sizes as a perceived means of security and support. This dual response highlights the complex socio-cultural factors influencing reproductive choices under conditions of insecurity. Through an analysis of existing literature and data, it was found that high levels of insecurity can greatly affect an individual’s ability to make informed reproductive decisions. Findings underscore the need for targeted interventions in conflict-affected areas, providing accessible and culturally sensitive family planning services that acknowledge the unique challenges faced by families in insecure settings. Understanding these dynamics is essential for policymakers and healthcare providers to develop effective support systems that respect individuals' choices while promoting overall community resilience.Downloads
References
Abdulai, M., Kenu, E., Ameme, D. K., Bandoh, D. A., Tabong, P. T., Lartey, A. A., Noora, C. L., Adjei, E. Y., & Nyarko, K. M. (2020). Demographic and socio-cultural factors influencing contraceptive uptake among women of reproductive age in Tamale Metropolis, Northern Region, Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, 54(2 Suppl.), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v54i2s.11
Achumba, I. C., Ighomereho, O. S., & Akpor-Robaro, M. O. (2013). Security challenges in Nigeria and the implications for business activities and sustainable development. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 4(2), 80–99.
Adeyanju, G. C., Schrage, P. M. E., Jalo, R. I., Abreu, L., & Schaub, M. (2024). Armed violent conflicts and healthcare-seeking behaviour for maternal and child health in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.11.24304112
Agampodi, S. B., Agampodi, T. C., & Piyaseeli, U. K. D. (2008). Adolescents’ perception of reproductive health care services in Sri Lanka. BMC Health Services Research, 8, Article 98. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-8-98
Akamike, I. C., Okedo-Alex, I. N., Eze, I. I., et al. (2020). Why does uptake of family planning services remain sub-optimal among Nigerian women? A systematic review of challenges and implications for policy. Contraception and Reproductive Medicine, 5, Article 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-020-00133-6
Alzate, M. M. (2014). Adolescent pregnancy in Colombia: The price of inequality and political conflict. In International handbook of adolescent pregnancy: Medical, psychosocial, and public health responses (pp. 241–255).
Beckenmark, L. C., & Winter, L. (2012). Tailoring family planning services to the special needs of adolescents: New adolescent approach protocols. http://www.socio.com/pasppos/.php
Bendavid, E., Boerma, T., Akseer, N., Langer, A., Malembaka, E. B., Okiro, E. A., Wise, P. H., Heft-Neal, S., Black, R. E., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2021). The effects of armed conflict on the health of women and children. The Lancet, 397(10273), 522–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00131-8
Black, B. O., Bouanchaud, P. A., Bignall, J. K., Simpson, E., & Gupta, M. (2014). Reproductive health during conflict. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/tog.12114
Buvinic, M., Das Gupta, M., Casabonne, U., & Verwimp, P. (2013). Violent conflict and gender inequality: An overview. The World Bank Research Observer, 28(1), 110–138.
Chi, P. C. (2016). Impact of armed conflict on maternal and reproductive health in sub-Saharan Africa.
Chi, P. C., Bulage, P., Urdal, H., & Sundby, J. (2015). Perceptions of the effects of armed conflict on maternal and reproductive health services and outcomes in Burundi and Northern Uganda: A qualitative study. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0045-z
Chukwuma, A., & Ekhator-Mobayode, U. E. (2019). Armed conflict and maternal health care utilization: Evidence from the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. Social Science & Medicine, 226, 104–112.
Darroch, J. E., & Singh, S. (2013). Trends in contraceptive need and use in developing countries in 2003, 2008, and 2012: An analysis of national surveys. The Lancet, 381, 1756–1762.
Ekhator-Mobayode, U. E., Hanmer, L. C., Rubiano-Matulevich, E., & Arango, D. J. (2022). The effect of armed conflict on intimate partner violence: Evidence from the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. World Development, 153, Article 105780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105780
Ezeah, P. (2012). Marriage and motherhood: A study of the reproductive health status and needs of married adolescent girls in Nsukka, Nigeria. Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 3(1), 1–6.
Gaskin, J. C. A. (Ed.). (1996). Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan. Oxford University Press.
Hagen, J. (2023). Reproductive insecurities and women’s exclusion in conflict-affected regions. Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 45(2), 67–89.
Igudia, E. O., & Obasuyi, O. H. (2011). Sexual behaviours and modern contraceptive practices among fresh university students in Benin Sub-Benin, Edo State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Health Education, 15(1), 129–145.
Kaur, R. (2016). Socio-cultural factors affecting reproductive health in rural Punjab: An ethnographic study (Independent Study Project Collection, Paper 2734). SIT Digital Collections. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2734
Kodo, T. K., Kidie, A. A., Merecho, T. H., Tiruneh, M. G., Yayeh, B. M., Getaneh, B. A., Demesie, A. M., & Wendimagegn, Z. S. (2024). The impact of armed conflict on services and outcomes related to maternal and reproductive health in North Wollo, Amhara, Ethiopia: A qualitative study. International Journal of Women’s Health, 1055–1066. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S457529
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
Morgen, S. B. (2016). Refugees in crisis: A look into the state of IDP camps. http://sbmintel.com/2016/08/30/refugees-in-crisis-alook-into-the-state-of-idp-camps/
National Population Commission. (2018). Nigeria demographic and health survey 2018.
Odo, A. N., Musa, K., & Oladugba, A. V. (2020). Sexual and reproductive health needs and problems of internally displaced adolescents (IDAs) in Borno State, Nigeria: A mixed method approach. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 24(1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2020/v24i1.9
Okeke, S. R., Okeke-Obayemi, D. O., Njoroge, M. R., & Yaya, S. (2024). Collateral damage: The overlooked reproductive health crisis in conflict zones. Reproductive Health, 21(1), Article 198. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-024-01941-8
Olise, P. (2012). Primary health care for sustainable development (2nd ed.). Ozege Publications.
Onyi, C., Adewale, T., & Musa, F. (2024). Contraceptive access among displaced women in Nigeria: Challenges and policy implications. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 28(1), 112–129.
Onyi, T., Tella, A., & Ameh, S. (2024). Contraception use among refugee and internally displaced women in Nigeria: A scoping review. International Health Trends and Perspectives, 4(2), 282–296.
Rivillas, J. C., Devia Rodriguez, R., Song, G., & Martel, A. (2018). How do we reach the girls and women who are the hardest to reach? Inequitable opportunities in reproductive and maternal health care services in armed conflict and forced displacement settings in Colombia. PLOS ONE, 13(1), Article e0188654. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188654
Sonfield, A., Hasstedt, K., Kavanaugh, M. L., & Anderson, R. (2013). The social and economic benefits of women’s ability to determine whether and when to have children. Guttmacher Institute. https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/social-economic-benefits.pdf
Starrs, A. M., Ezeh, A. C., Barker, G., Basu, A., Bertrand, J. T., Blum, R., et al. (2018). Accelerate progress—sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: Report of the Guttmacher–Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 391(10140), 2642–2692.
Svallfors, S. (2023). Hidden casualties: The links between armed conflict and intimate partner violence in Colombia. Politics & Gender, 19(1), 133–165.
Svallfors, S., Båge, K., Ekström, A. M., Elimian, K., Gayawan, E., Litorp, H., & Kågesten, A. (2024). Armed conflict, insecurity, and attitudes toward women’s and girls’ reproductive autonomy in Nigeria. Social Science & Medicine, 348, Article 116777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116777
Thiede, B. C., Hancock, M., Kodouda, A., & Piazza, J. (2020). Exposure to armed conflict and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. Demography, 57(6), 2113–2141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00923-2
Torrisi, O. (2023). Young-age exposure to armed conflict and women’s experiences of intimate partner violence. Journal of Marriage and Family, 85, 7–32.
Torrisi, O. (2024). Violent instability and modern contraception: Evidence from Mali. World Development, 177, Article 106538.
United Nations Population Fund. (2016). Adolescent girls in disaster and conflict: Intervention for improving access to sexual and reproductive health services. http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNFPAAdolescent_Girls_in_Disaster_Conflict-Web.pdf
Urdal, H., & Che, C. P. (2013). War and gender inequalities in health: The impact of armed conflict on fertility and maternal mortality. International Interactions, 39(4), 489–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2013.805133
Warren, C. E., Mutemwa, R., Sharan, M., Serbanescu, F., & Pearson, E. (2015). Family planning in crisis-affected settings: Best practices for service delivery. Global Health: Science and Practice, 3(2), 189–200.
Washington State Health Care Authority. (2019). Literature review: Reproductive health access. https://app.leg.wa.gov/ReportsToTheLegislature/Home/GetPDF?fileName=LiteratureReviewReproductiveHealthAccess_SSB6219_FINAL_1.1.2019_42423dd8-5280-4cc5-bb55-2220637ba6a5.pdf
World Health Organization. (2013). Family planning methods. http://www.who.int/bulletin/factsheet/
Williams, N. E., Ghimire, D. J., Axinn, W. G., Jennings, E. A., & Pradhan, M. S. (2012). A micro-level event-centered approach to investigating armed conflict and population responses. Demography, 49(4), 1521–1546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0134-8
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


